Morphological Integration of Soft-Tissue Facial Morphology in Down Syndrome and Siblings. J Starbuck, RH Reeves, and J Richtsmeier.
Date: June 2011. Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 146(4): 560–568. Abstract: Down syndrome (DS), resulting from trisomy of chromosome 21, is the most common live-born human aneuploidy. The phenotypic expression of trisomy 21 produces variable, though characteristic, facial morphology. Although certain facial features have been documented quantitatively and qualitatively as characteristic of DS (e.g.,…